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The Minimum Required? – which forms part of the Resolution Foundation’s submission to the Taylor Review on modern employment practices – sets out a number of proposals to tackle 'endemic levels of low pay among the self-employed'.
Its analysis shows that that while around in one in five employees are low-paid (earning less than two-thirds of typical weekly earnings), last year around half of the full-time self-employed workforce (49 per cent) fell below this threshold, earning less than £310 a week.
Furthermore, while the introduction of the National Living Wage (NLW) is set to reduce low pay among employees over the coming years, the self-employed will miss out as they are not entitled to it. The Foundation says that there is a big risk that unless low pay protection rules are changed, firms could use self-employed contracts as a way to avoid paying the legal minimum wage.
The Foundation argues that the first priority to address this challenge is proper enforcement of the existing law. Many of those in the gig economy as it currently stands are likely to be 'workers', with greater rights than the self-employed, meaning they should already receive at least the minimum wage. It says that greater enforcement is needed to ensure these workers get the rights to which they are entitled.
'Genuinely self-employed'
For those that are genuinely self-employed, the Foundation’s proposal builds on existing tests in employment law of whether a person working at an ‘average’ pace would be able to earn the minimum wage. It says that, while the minimum wage cannot simply be extended to cover all self-employment, the principle of this test should be applied to self-employed people where the price of their labour is fixed by a firm.
Affected firms would include gig economy-style platforms claiming to simply connect the self-employed to customers but setting the price for work done, or those with standard terms that they apply to a significant number of the self-employed.
Extending this test would bring most of those who are self-employed in the gig economy and other parts of the self-employed workforce under the protection of the minimum wage for the first time. And with there being 170,000 self-employed workers in taxi operations, including both Uber and minicab drivers, and 40,000 postal and courier service workers, this new right could benefit thousands of workers. Some, but not all, of the 150,000 self-employed hairdressers and 80,000 cleaners would also benefit from greater protection.
The report says that with most firms already having the information required to carry out this test – such as the typical time and cost involved in completing a task (for example a cab journey or parcel delivery) – it shouldn’t prove too onerous for businesses. It adds that HMRC should oversee enforcement and have their budget and remit extended to reflect this new area of responsibility.
The Foundation says that extending minimum wage protection to some of the self-employed should be part of a wider package of reforms to ensure that all workers have similar rights and responsibilities, whatever their employment status. It says that the current situation, in which many of the UK’s 4.8 million self-employed experience considerable unfair low pay and benefit disadvantages, as well as unjustifiable tax advantages, has no place in a modern workforce.
Scaling back tax advantages
In addition to extending low pay protection, the report calls on the Taylor Review and the Government to tackle low pay and insecurity among the self-employed by a number of further measures, including scaling back the tax advantages associated with self-incorporation.
It recommends:
- Extending Statutory Maternity Pay at a cost of up to £82million and Statutory Paternity Pay at a cost of up to £18 million;
- Extending contributory Jobseekers’ Allowance to those who have paid Class 4 NICs at a profit level of £25,000 for two years, at a cost of around £50m;
- Reopening plans to equalise NICs up to the 12 per cent rate that employees pay, saving £1bn;
- Extending employer NICs to price-setting firms that take on self-employed contractors, possibly through a new levy; and,
- Scaling back the growing tax advantages associated with self-incorporation by scaling back Entrepreneur’s Relief and the Annual Exempt Amount, which together cost £6bn.
A forthcoming book by the Resolution Foundation will set out further proposals to tackle low pay and insecurity among employees across the UK, including action on zero-hours contracts and enforcing a new post-Brexit immigration regime.
Gig economy
Conor D’Arcy, Policy Analyst at the Resolution Foundation, said: “The UK’s labour market has been very successful at creating jobs in recent years. However, far too many of those jobs offer very low pay and precious little security.
“This is especially true of the growing army of the self-employed. While many are higher earners who benefit from significant flexibility, around half fall below the low pay earnings threshold of just £310 a week. The Government’s upcoming review of the workplace, led by Matthew Taylor, offers the perfect opportunity to tackle the issues of low pay and insecurity head-on.
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“Ministers shouldn’t stop there either. Stronger enforcement to clamp down on bogus self-employment is a prerequisite. But moving to narrow rights, benefits and tax gaps between the self-employed and employees would at last create a level playing field in the labour market. This would help to ensure that people’s employment status was based on the job that they do, rather than on a firm’s willingness to pay the minimum wage or the wish to avoid paying a fair share of tax.”
Statutory definition
Freelancer and self-employment group, IPSE, welcomed the support for lower-paid self-emeployed workers, but regflected that the bigger picture was still lacking a statutory definition of self-employment.
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“A minimum wage for the self-employed could address extreme low pay for some people, but there is a larger question around a statutory definition for self-employment that still needs to be answered. The current grey area around employment status means some unscrupulous employers can get away with shirking the responsibilities they have to their staff, by wrongly calling them self-employed contractors. These are businesses which should be paying the minimum wage, holiday pay and employer's national insurance contributions.
“If you are a person put in this situation, bringing your ‘client’ to an employment tribunal is your only course of action. That’s prohibitively expensive, stressful and takes a long time to get a decision.
“Setting your own rate is an important indicator of self-employment, but this is an oversimplification of what it means to be in business for yourself. Having autonomy in your work, control over your working arrangements, taking on business risk and having independence from clients are all key to determining status.”
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Susie Hughes © Shout99 2017
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